Compare aqui os sistemas de transliteração da língua chinesa para idiomas ocidentais. Até a segunda metade do século 20, os mais usados eram o Wade-Giles [Inglaterra], Yale [Estados Unidos] e EFEO [França]. O sistema Pinyin foi criado na China, e tem suplantado os outros depois da década de 1950.
Conhecer esses sistemas é importante; se você ler em um livro de Marcel Granet [francês] sobre a dinastia 'Hia', está falando da mesma dinastia Hsia [na Inglaterra] e agora, no sistema pinyin, da dinastia Xia 夏. Esses sistemas tentavam adaptar a pronúncia dos nomes para essas línguas, e por isso, essas variações que podem confundir no início de nossos estudos.
E.F.E.O. | Pinyin | Wade-Giles | Yale |
a | a | a | a |
cha | sha | sha | sha |
chai | shai | shai | shai |
chan | shan | shan | shan |
chang | shang | shang | shang |
chao | shao | shao | shau |
che | shi | shih | shr |
chei | shei | shei | shei |
chen | shen | shen | shen |
cheng | sheng | sheng | sheng |
cheou | shou | shou | shou |
cho | shuo | shuo | shwo |
chö | she | she | she |
chou | shu | shu | shu |
choua | shua | shua | shwa |
chouai | shuai | shuai | shwai |
chouan | shuan | shuan | shwan |
chouang | shuang | shuang | shwang |
chouei | shui | shui | shwei |
chouen | shun | shun | shwun |
chouo | shuo | shuo | shwo |
ei | ei | ei | ei |
eul | er | erh | er |
fa | fa | fa | fa |
fan | fan | fan | fan |
fang | fang | fang | fang |
fei | fei | fei | fei |
fen | fen | fen | fen |
feou | fou | fou | fou |
fo | fo | fo | fwo |
fong | feng | feng | feng |
fou | fu | fu | fu |
ha | ha | ha | ha |
hai | hai | hai | hai |
han | han | han | han |
hang | hang | hang | hang |
hao | hao | hao | hau |
hei | hei | hei | hei |
hen | hen | hen | hen |
heng | heng | heng | heng |
heou | hou | hou | hou |
hi, si | xi | hsi | xyi |
hia | xia | hsia | sya |
hiai | xie | hsieh | sye |
hiang | xiang | hsiang | syang |
hiao | xiao | hsiao | syau |
hie | xie | hsieh | sye |
hien | xian | hsien | syan |
hieou | xiu | hsiu | syou |
hin | xin | hsin | syin |
hing | hsing | sying | |
hiong | xiong | hsiung | syung |
hiu | xu | hsü | syu |
hiuan | xuan | hsüan | sywan |
hiue | xue | hsüeh | sywe |
hiun | xun | hsün | syun |
ho | he | he | he |
hö | he | he | he |
hong | hong | hung | hung |
hou | hu | hu | hu |
houa | hua | hua | hwa |
houai | huai | huai | hwai |
houan | huan | huan | hwan |
houang | huang | huang | hwang |
houei | hui | hui | hwei |
houen | hun | hun | hwun |
houo | huo | huo | hwo |
jan | ran | jan | ran |
jang | rang | jang | rang |
jao | rao | jao | rau |
je | ri | jih | r |
jen | ren | jen | ren |
jeng | reng | jeng | reng |
jeou | rou | jou | rou |
jo | ruo | jo | rwo |
jö | re | je | re |
jong | rong | jung | rung |
jou | ru | ju | ru |
joua | rua | jua | rwa |
jouan | ruan | juan | rwan |
jouei | rui | jui | rwei |
jouen | run | jun | rwun |
ka | ga | ka | ga |
k'a | ka | k'a | ka |
kai | gai | kai | gai |
k'ai | kai | k'ai | kai |
kan | gan | kan | gan |
k'an | kan | k'an | kan |
kang | gang | kang | gang |
k'ang | kang | k'ang | kang |
kao | gao | kao | gau |
k'ao | kao | k'ao | kau |
kei | gei | kei | gei |
ken | gen | ken | gen |
k'en | ken | k'en | ken |
keng | geng | keng | geng |
k'eng | keng | k'eng | keng |
keou | gou | kou | gou |
k'eou | kou | k'ou | kou |
ki | ji | chi | ji |
k'i | qi | ch'i | chi |
kia | jia | chia | jya |
k'ia | qia | ch'ia | chya |
kiai | jie | chieh | jye |
k'iai | qie | ch'ieh | chye |
kiang | jiang | chiang | jyang |
k'iang | qiang | ch'iang | chyang |
kiao | jiao | chiao | jyau |
k'iao | qiao | ch'iao | chyau |
kie | jie | chieh | jye |
k'ie | qie | ch'ieh | chye |
k'ien | qian | ch'ien | chyan |
kien, tsien | jian | chien | jyan |
kieou | jiu | chiu | jyou |
k'ieou | qiu | ch'iu | chyou |
kin | jin | chin | jin |
k'in | qin | ch'in | chin |
king | jing | ching | jing |
k'ing | qing | ch'ing | ching |
kio | jue | chüeh | jywe |
k'io | que | ch'üeh | chywe |
kiong | jiong | chiung | jyung |
k'iong | qiong | ch'iung | chyung |
kiu | ju | chü | jyu |
k'iu | qu | ch'ü | chyu |
kiuan | juan | chüan | jywan |
k'iuan | quan | ch'üan | chywan |
kiue | jue | chüeh | jywe |
k'iue | que | ch'üeh | chywe |
kiun | jun | chün | jyun |
k'iun | qun | ch'ün | chyun |
ko | ge | ke | ge |
k'o | ke | k'ê | ke |
kö | ge | ke | ge |
k'ö | ke | k'ê | ke |
kong | gong | kung | gung |
k'ong | kong | k'ung | kung |
kou | gu | ku | gu |
k'ou | ku | k'u | ku |
koua | gua | kua | gwa |
k'oua | kua | k'ua | kwa |
kouai | guai | kuai | gwai |
k'ouai | kuai | k'uai | kwai |
kouan | guan | kuan | gwan |
k'ouan | kuan | k'uan | kwan |
kouang | guang | kuang | gwang |
k'ouang | kuang | k'uang | kwang |
kouei | gui | kuei | gwei |
k'ouei | kui | k'uei | kwei |
kouen | gun | kun | gwun |
k'ouen | kun | k'un | kwun |
kouo | guo | kuo | gwo |
k'ouo | kuo | k'uo | kwo |
la | la | la | la |
lai | lai | lai | lai |
lan | lan | lan | lan |
lang | lang | lang | lang |
lao | lao | lao | lau |
leang | liang | liang | lyang |
leao | liao | liao | lyau |
lei | lei | lei | lei |
leng | leng | leng | leng |
leou | lou | lou | lou |
li | li | li | li |
lia | lia | lia | lya |
lie | lie | lieh | lye |
lien | lian | lien | lyan |
lin | lin | lin | lin |
ling | ling | ling | ling |
lio | lüe | lüeh | lywe |
liu | liu | liu | lyou |
liu | lü | lü | lyu |
liue | lüe | lüeh | lywe |
lo | luo | luo | lwo |
lö | le | le | le |
long | long | lung | lung |
lou | lu | lu | lu |
louan | luan | luan | lwan |
loue | luo | luo | lwo |
louen | lun | lun | lwun |
ma | ma | ma | ma |
mai | mai | mai | mai |
man | man | man | man |
mang | mang | mang | mang |
mao | mao | mao | mau |
mei | mei | mei | mei |
men | men | men | men |
meou | mou | mou | mou |
mi | mi | mi | mi |
miao | miao | miao | myau |
mie | mie | mieh | mye |
mien | mian | mien | myan |
mieou | miu | miu | myou |
min | min | min | min |
ming | ming | ming | ming |
mo | mo | mo | mwo |
mö | me | me | me |
moio | mo | mo | mwo |
mong | meng | meng | meng |
mou | mu | mu | mu |
na | na | na | na |
nai | nai | nai | nai |
nan | nan | nan | nan |
nang | nang | nang | nang |
nao | nao | nao | nau |
ne | ne | ne | ne |
nei | nei | nei | nei |
nen | nen | nen | nen |
neng | neng | neng | neng |
neou | nou | nou | nou |
ngai | ai | ai | ai |
ngan | an | an | an |
ngang | ang | ang | ang |
ngao | ao | ao | au |
ngen | en | en | en |
ngeng | eng | eng | eng |
ngeou | ou | ou | ou |
ngo | e | e | e |
ngo | o | o | o |
ni | ni | ni | ni |
niang | niang | niang | nyang |
niao | niao | niao | nyau |
nie | nie | nieh | nye |
nien | nian | nien | nyan |
nieou | niu | niu | nyou |
nin | nin | nin | nin |
ning | ning | ning | ning |
nio | nüe | nüeh | nywe |
niu | nü | nü | nyu |
no | nuo | no | nwo |
nong | nong | nung | nung |
nou | nu | nu | nu |
nouan | nuan | nuan | nwan |
pa | ba | pa | ba |
p'a | pa | p'a | pa |
pai | bai | pai | bai |
p'ai | pai | p'ai | pai |
pan | ban | pan | ban |
p'an | pan | p'an | pan |
pang | bang | pang | bang |
p'ang | pang | p'ang | pang |
pao | bao | pao | bau |
p'ao | pao | p'ao | pau |
pei | bei | pei | bei |
p'ei | pei | p'ei | pei |
pen | ben | pen | ben |
p'en | pen | p'en | pen |
peng | beng | peng | beng |
p'eng | peng | p'eng | peng |
p'eou | pou | p'ou | pou |
pi | bi | pi | bi |
p'i | pi | p'i | pi |
piao | biao | piao | byau |
p'iao | piao | p'iao | pyau |
pie | bie | pieh | bye |
p'ie | pie | p'ieh | pye |
pien | bian | pien | byan |
p'ien | pian | p'ien | pyan |
pin | bin | pin | bin |
p'in | pin | p'in | pin |
ping | bing | ping | bing |
p'ing | ping | p'ing | ping |
po | bo | po | bwo |
p'o | po | p'o | pwo |
pou | bu | pu | bu |
p'ou | pu | p'u | pu |
sa | sa | sa | sa |
sai | sai | sai | sai |
san | san | san | san |
sang | sang | sang | sang |
sao | sao | sao | sau |
sen | sen | sen | sen |
seng | seng | seng | seng |
seou | sou | sou | sou |
sian | xian | hsien | syan |
siang | xiang | hsiang | syang |
siao | xiao | hsiao | syau |
sie | xie | hsieh | sye |
sieou | xiu | hsiu | syou |
sin | xin | hsin | syin |
sing | hsing | sying | |
siu | xu | hsü | syu |
siuan | xuan | hsüan | sywan |
siue | xue | hsüeh | sywe |
siun | xun | hsün | syun |
so | suo | so | swo |
sö | se | se | se |
song | song | sung | sung |
sou | su | su | su |
souan | suan | suan | swan |
souei | sui | sui | swei |
souen | sun | sun | swun |
sseu | si | ssu | sz |
ta | da | ta | da |
t'a | ta | t'a | ta |
tai | dai | tai | dai |
t'ai | tai | t'ai | tai |
tan | dan | tan | dan |
t'an | tan | t'an | tan |
tang | dang | tang | dang |
t'ang | tang | t'ang | tang |
tao | dao | tao | dau |
t'ao | tao | t'ao | tau |
tcha | zha | cha | ja |
tch'a | cha | ch'a | cha |
tchai | zhai | chai | jai |
tch'ai | chai | ch'ai | chai |
tchan | zhan | chan | jan |
tch'an | chan | ch'an | chan |
tchang | zhang | chang | jang |
tch'ang | chang | ch'ang | chang |
tchao | zhao | chao | jau |
tch'ao | chao | ch'ao | chau |
tche | zhi | chih | jr |
tch'e | chi | ch'ih | chr |
tchei | zhei | chei | jei |
tchen | zhen | chen | jen |
tch'en | chen | ch'en | chen |
tcheng | zheng | cheng | jeng |
tch'eng | cheng | ch'eng | cheng |
tcheou | zhou | chou | jou |
tch'eou | chou | ch'ou | chou |
tcho | zhuo | cho | jwo |
tchö | zhe | che | je |
tch'ö | che | ch'e | che |
tchong | zhong | chung | jung |
tch'ong | chong | ch'ung | chung |
tchou | zhu | chu | ju |
tch'ou | chu | ch'u | chu |
tchoua | zhua | chua | jwa |
tchouai | zhuai | chuai | jwai |
tch'ouai | chuai | ch'uai | chwai |
tchouan | zhuan | chuan | jwan |
tch'ouan | chuan | ch'uan | chwan |
tchouang | zhuang | chuang | jwang |
tch'ouang | chuang | ch'uang | chwang |
tchouei | zhui | chui | jwei |
tch'ouei | chui | ch'ui | chwei |
tchouen | zhun | chun | jwun |
tch'ouen | chun | ch'un | chwun |
tchouo | zhuo | cho | jwo |
tch'ouo | chuo | ch'o | chwo |
tei | dei | tei | dei |
t'ei | tei | t'ei | tei |
ten | den | ten | den |
teng | deng | teng | deng |
t'eng | teng | t'eng | teng |
teou | dou | tou | dou |
t'eou | tou | t'ou | tou |
ti | di | ti | di |
t'i | ti | t'i | ti |
tiao | diao | tiao | dyau |
t'iao | tiao | t'iao | tyau |
tie | die | tieh | dye |
t'ie | tie | t'ieh | tye |
tien | dian | tien | dyan |
t'ien | tian | t'ien | tyan |
tieou | diu | tiu | dyou |
ting | ding | ting | ding |
t'ing | ting | t'ing | ting |
to | duo | to | dwo |
t'o | tuo | t'o | two |
tö | de | te | de |
t'ö | te | t'e | te |
tong | dong | tung | dung |
t'ong | tong | t'ung | tung |
tou | du | tu | du |
t'ou | tu | t'u | tu |
touan | duan | tuan | dwan |
t'ouan | tuan | t'uan | twan |
touei | dui | tui | dwei |
t'ouei | tui | t'ui | twei |
touen | dun | tun | dwun |
t'ouen | tun | t'un | twun |
tsa | za | tsa | dza |
ts'a | ca | ts'a | tsa |
tsai | zai | tsai | dzai |
ts'ai | cai | ts'ai | tsai |
tsan | zan | tsan | dzan |
ts'an | can | ts'an | tsan |
tsang | zang | tsang | dzang |
ts'ang | cang | ts'ang | tsang |
tsao | zao | tsao | dzau |
ts'ao | cao | ts'ao | tsau |
tsei | zei | tsei | dzei |
tsen | zen | tsen | dzen |
ts'en | cen | ts'en | tsen |
tseng | zeng | tseng | dzeng |
ts'eng | ceng | ts'eng | tseng |
tseou | zou | tsou | dzou |
ts'eou | cou | ts'ou | tsou |
tseu | zi | tzu | dz |
ts'eu | ci | tz'u | tsz |
tsi | ji | chi | ji |
ts'i | qi | ch'i | chi |
tsiang | jiang | chiang | jyang |
ts'iang | qiang | ch'iang | chyang |
tsiao | jiao | chiao | jyau |
ts'iao | qiao | ch'iao | chyau |
tsie | jie | chieh | jye |
ts'ie | qie | ch'ieh | chye |
ts'ien | qian | ch'ien | chyan |
tsieou | jiu | chiu | jyou |
ts'ieou | qiu | ch'iu | chyou |
tsin | jin | chin | jin |
tsin | jin | chin | jin |
ts'in | qin | ch'in | chin |
tsing | jing | ching | jing |
tsing | jing | ching | jing |
ts'ing | qing | ch'ing | ching |
tsio | jue | chüeh | jywe |
ts'io | que | ch'üeh | chywe |
tsiu | ju | chü | jyu |
ts'iu | qu | ch'ü | chyu |
tsiuan | juan | chüan | jywan |
ts'iuan | quan | ch'üan | chywan |
tsiue | jue | chüeh | jywe |
ts'iue | que | ch'üeh | chywe |
tsiun | jun | chün | jyun |
ts'iun | qun | ch'ün | chyun |
tso | zuo | tso | dzwo |
ts'o | cuo | ts'o | tswo |
tsö | ze | tse | dze |
ts'ö | ce | ts'e | tse |
tsong | zong | tsung | dzung |
tsou | zu | tsu | dzu |
ts'ou | cu | ts'u | tsu |
tsouan | zuan | tsuan | dzwan |
ts'ouan | cuan | ts'uan | tswan |
tsouei | zui | tsui | dzwei |
ts'ouei | cui | ts'ui | tswei |
tsouen | zun | tsun | dzwun |
ts'ouen | cun | ts'un | tswun |
ts'ung | cong | ts'ung | tsung |
wa | wa | wa | wa |
wai | wai | wai | wai |
wan | wan | wan | wan |
wang | wang | wang | wang |
wei | wei | wei | wei |
wen | wen | wen | wen |
wo | wo | wo | wo |
wong | weng | weng | weng |
wou | wu | wu | wu |
ya | ya | ya | ya |
yang | yang | yang | yang |
yao | yao | yao | yau |
ye | ye | yeh | ye |
yen | yan | yan | yan |
yeou | you | yu | you |
yi | yi | i | yi |
yin | yin | yin | yin |
ying | ying | ying | ying |
yong | yong | yung | yung |
yu | yu | yü | yu |
yuan | yuan | yüan | ywan |
yue | yue | yüeh | ywe |
yun | yun | yün | yun |